The concept of agency has been tied to the upper middle classes in most studies. In contrast, the concept of submission and obedience is more commonly used for the lower middle classes. By exploring the lives of the lower-middle-class traditional-religious Muslim Women in the Middle East, with an emphasis on women in Ankara and Tehran, this article seeks to show the opposite aspects of current theories. Using a qualitative method, thematic analysis, and cognitive and semi-structured interviews with 50 women in Tehran and Ankara, this study was able to show...